Perioperative pain management affects patient recovery. However, the rate of moderate to severe postoperative pain is as high as 73.8%, which hinders recovery and increases the risk of complications. Although opioids are the first-line analgesics, excessive use leads to adverse reactions. The traditional fixed-rate PCA mode is difficult to match the changes in postoperative pain. This study will compare different PCA mode optimization strategies, assuming that they can reduce opioid dosage, improve analgesic effect, and reduce adverse reactions, providing high-quality evidence-based basis for postoperative analgesia and promoting individualized and intelligent management.
aged between 18 to 65 years;
American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ - Ⅲ;
Patients scheduled for elective mixed surgery were enrolled. Mixed surgeries included thoracic, abdominal, spinal, orthopaedic, and cranial procedures performed using either minimally invasive or open approaches.
Allergy to PCA medications;
Presence of chronic pain syndromes;
Presence of psychiatric disorders, or severe cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, renal, or hepatic dysfunction.
Beijing Tiantan Hospital
Lead sponsor
The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University
Collaborator
Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities
Collaborator