* To determine whether LVOT VTI \< 15 cm predicts the development of in-hospital cardiogenic shock or need for vasopressors in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI. * To assess association of LVOT VTI with other adverse outcomes (in-hospital death, heart failure, arrhythmias, need for mechanical ventilation, prolonged hospital stay).
Adult patients (≥18 years), diagnosed with acute STEMI according to current ESC guidelines(3) and undergoing primary PCI within 24 hours of symptom onset.
Patients undergo transthoracic echocardiography within 24 hours of admission.
Presence of significant aortic valve disease (e.g., severe aortic stenosis or regurgitation).
LVOT obstruction or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Poor echocardiographic window.
Refusal to participate.
Assiut University
Lead sponsor