Acl Reconstruction

This randomized clinical trial aims to compare the effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training (BFR) and Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization (IASTM) on pain, quadriceps muscle strength, knee range of motion (ROM), and kinesiophobia in patients following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). ACLR patients commonly experience persistent muscle weakness, limited ROM, pain, and fear of movement, which can delay functional recovery and return to activity. A total of 46 participants (8-16 weeks post-ACLR) will be randomly allocated into two groups: a BFR group and an IASTM group. Both groups will receive interventions twice weekly for 8 weeks alongside standard physiotherapy. The BFR group will perform low-load resistance exercises under controlled vascular occlusion, while the IASTM group will receive soft tissue mobilization using specialized instruments combined with conventional rehabilitation. Outcome measures will include quadriceps strength (handheld dynamometer), pain (Numeric Pain Rating Scale), knee ROM (goniometer), and kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia), assessed at baseline and post-intervention. The study aims to determine which intervention provides superior improvements in physical and psychological outcomes during early rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction.

Patients who are being seen for ACL tears will be approached in the UAB Orthopedic Clinic. Included patients will be those aged 14-65 undergoing ACL Reconstruction. Excluded patients will be those with contraindications to corticosteroids. If the patient meets the criteria and agrees to participate, then the consent form will be signed, and the patient will be enrolled. Enrolled patients will be randomized to one of two groups. Patients in the treatment group will receive a 4 mg oral 6-day methylprednisolone taper in addition to standard post-operative pain control. Patients in the control group will receive standard post-operative pain control. All patients will receive the surgeon's standard ACL postoperative multimodal pain regimen. Endpoints will include narcotic consumption assessed daily and at one week post-op through a patient self-reported diary. The VAS pain score will be collected each day for the first week. Secondary endpoints will include range of motion and patient-reported outcomes, including IKDC, KOOS Jr, Tegner Activity Scale, ACL-RSI, and PROMIS Global collected at baseline, 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 months. All outcomes will be collected through PatientIQ.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the main stabilizers of the knee joint, and its injury is among the most common soft tissue injuries of the knee. Several surgical reconstruction techniques are available, utilizing various tissues as a graft for the neo-ligament, including both autografts and allografts. The "Over-the-top single-bundle technique with gracilis and semitendinosus tendons combined with lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET)" was developed in 1998 by Prof. Marcacci and Prof. Zaffagnini, and it is still the preferred method for ACL reconstruction at the Second Clinic of the Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute. Cadaveric biomechanical studies have shown that combining LET with ACL reconstruction improves knee joint stability in both the anteroposterior and rotational planes. However, a recent in vivo study has challenged this hypothesis, showing that in patients undergoing surgery, the addition of LET enhances knee stability only in the anteroposterior direction and only for a limited period of six months. At twelve months postoperatively, joint laxity appeared similar to that of patients who did not undergo the additional procedure. Furthermore, the same study did not assess rotational instability using the pivot-shift test, an essential parameter as it is closely linked to knee stability and the patient's subjective perception of surgical success. Despite the increasing use of LET in conjunction with ACL reconstruction, few studies have analyzed the short-term postoperative effects of lateral extra-articular tenodesis and its potential benefits during the early stages of rehabilitation and return to sport. This study was conceived in response to this clinical question, with the goal of evaluating anteroposterior and rotational laxity in a group of patients who underwent ACL reconstruction combined with LET, in order to analyze clinical outcomes and, most importantly, any changes in stability during the early postoperative period. The results aim to improve understanding of knee stability in the initial phase following surgery, providing valuable information for rehabilitation teams to optimize recovery protocols and more effectively guide return-to-sport decisions for patients undergoing both procedures.

The primary aim is to determine if MST will improve coping skills in young athletes returning to sport after ACLR as measured by ACSI-28. Participants will undergo MST led by masters-level mental skills specialist pre-operatively, 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months post-operatively. Power analysis suggested at least 52 pairs are needed (α=0.05, β=0.80). There will be 65 patients enrolled in both the MST group and the control group (no MST) for a total of 130 patients. This will allow for a 4-point difference in ACSI and a 20% dropout rate. The secondary aim is to determine if MST will improve psychological readiness and athletic identity as well as decrease psychological stress, anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms of young athletes returning to sport after ACLR as measured by ACL-RSI, AIMS, PROMIS-PSE, GAD-7, PHQ-9, and CRIES, respectively.

This prospective RCT investigates if a single 4 ml intra-articular PRP injection improves knee function after ACL reconstruction using peroneus longus autograft. In Pakistan's resource-limited context, 88 patients (18-50 years) with isolated ACL tears receive either PRP or saline during surgery, then randomized equally. KOOS4 scores compared at 3, 6, and 12 months via ANCOVA (adjusted baseline, α=0.05). Positive results could establish affordable enhancement for recovery and guide practice in similar settings.

The purpose of this study is to assess Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) healing through analyzing clinical, radiographic, functional and patient-reported outcomes following ACL reconstruction with bone-tendon-bone autograft with and without internal bracing.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition that causes pain and stiffness in the joints, often due to injuries like torn ligaments. Even after surgery, these injuries can lead to long-term joint problems. Current treatments don\'t fully prevent OA from developing. This study is testing a new 12-week exercise program designed to improve how the knee moves, using a special sensor-based system. The goal is to reduce joint inflammation and prevent the development of OA in patients who have had knee surgery.

The goal of this clinical trial is to see which type of strengthening exercise with a tight band (blood flow restriction) helps people recover better after ACL reconstruction. The study includes adults after ACL surgery who are doing physiotherapy to rebuild thigh muscle strength and knee function. The main questions are: * Does heavy strengthening with blood flow restriction improve thigh strength, knee function, and daily activities more than light strengthening with blood flow restriction after ACL surgery? * Can light strengthening with blood flow restriction give similar benefits to heavy strengthening while putting less strain on the knee? Researchers will compare a heavy-exercise program plus blood flow restriction to a light-exercise program plus blood flow restriction to see which gives better strength and functional improvements. Participants will: * Come for supervised physiotherapy sessions and do knee exercises on a machine, using either heavy or light loads while a cuff on the thigh gently squeezes to reduce blood flow. * Have their leg strength, and knee questionnaires checked several times during the study.

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is widely used in orthopedic surgery to reduce perioperative blood loss, particularly in total hip and knee arthroplasty, due to its antifibrinolytic mechanism, low cost, broad availability, and established safety profile. Its use has recently expanded to minimally invasive procedures such as knee arthroscopy and ACL reconstruction, where postoperative hemarthrosis-rather than intraoperative bleeding-is a major cause of pain, swelling, reduced range of motion, delayed rehabilitation, and impaired early recovery. Randomized trials and meta-analyses in arthroscopic ACL reconstruction show that TXA, administered intravenously, intra-articularly, or both, reduces postoperative hemarthrosis, joint swelling, drainage volume, and early pain, while improving early functional outcomes. These benefits are mainly short term, with no consistent long-term differences, and no increased risk of thromboembolic events. Evidence in arthroscopic meniscectomy is more limited but suggests modest improvements in early recovery, which may still be clinically meaningful given TXA's favorable risk-benefit profile. Beyond its antifibrinolytic effects, TXA may influence inflammatory pathways by inhibiting plasmin, which is involved in complement activation and inflammatory modulation. However, existing data are conflicting, with reports of both anti- and pro-inflammatory effects depending on surgical context and dosing. Importantly, most arthroscopy studies focus on clinical outcomes rather than systemic inflammation. To date, no study has comprehensively evaluated perioperative inflammatory responses to TXA in arthroscopic knee surgery, making this low-trauma setting an ideal model to investigate its potential inflammatory effects.

The aim of this clinical trial is to determine the effectiveness of fESWT in rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction. The main questions it aims to answer are: Is fESWT applied in addition to conventional physiotherapy effective in physiotherapy-related parameters? Researchers will compare conventional physiotherapy and conventional physiotherapy + fESWT to see if fESWT provides benefits in addition to conventional physiotherapy. Participants: They will receive the conventional physiotherapy program 2 days per week. In addition, the intervention group will receive low-intensity fESWT 1 day per week. Participants' muscle strength, postural balance, range of motion, pain scores and functional status will be assessed.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a common sports-related injury, particularly in sports that require extensive jumping and cutting movements. Although anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery can restore knee stability, many athletes still face the risk of re-injury after returning to competition.Current return-to-play assessment relies primarily on single-plane horizontal hop tests and symmetry indices (LSI ≥ 90%); however, an increasing body of research suggests that these tests may not comprehensively reflect functional deficits in the vertical plane, repeated hopping, or high-intensity sport-specific activities.This study hypothesizes that incorporating multiple vertical jump tests-including single-leg vertical jumps and 10-second repeated vertical jumps-combined with advanced force plate analytics (such as Reactive Strength Index \[RSI\] and Time to Stabilization \[TTS\])-can more sensitively reveal residual neuromuscular control deficits following surgery. This approach would provide evidence-based guidance for return-to-play decision-making, thereby improving athletes' long-term athletic performance and safety.

Kinesiophobia, defined as an excessive and irrational fear of physical movement due to perceived vulnerability to injury, has gained significant attention in clinical and scientific communities. This condition can act as a barrier to physical activity, negatively impacting patients' disability, quality of life, and the implementation of rehabilitation programs. It is particularly prevalent after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), affecting physical function, return to sport rates, and patient performance. While the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) is considered a gold standard for assessing kinesiophobia, recent studies have raised concerns about its validity, especially in ACLR patients. The TSK may not adequately capture fear of specific sports activities, which is more common in ACLR patients than a general phobia of movement. Some researchers argue for an assessment approach similar to that used for pain experiences, emphasizing the subjective nature of fear. Based on the specific phobia model, assessing kinesiophobia in the presence of a trigger, such as visualizing or confronting the movement associated with the injury, may be more relevant. This approach is supported by evidence showing that sports situations evoking the greatest fear after ACLR are cutting, jumping, and contact. Further research is needed to investigate alternative methodologies for assessing fear of movement in ACLR patients, considering the prevalence and repercussions of kinesiophobia in this population. The objectives of this study are threefold: * To compare the magnitude of kinesiophobia through the TSK, the subjective feeling of fear when visualising feared movements, and the subjective feeling of fear in anticipation of the feared situation. * Evaluate the impact of focusing on feared activities on motor behavior and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) markers. * To assess the relation between the three methods of assessing fear of movement and indicators of motor behaviour, ANS activity, fear-avoidance beliefs, anxiety, avoidance behaviour, and physical function.

The purpose of this study to investigate the effect of using losartan (a blood pressure lowering drug with anti-scarring properties) on preventing primary postoperative arthrofibrosis (formation of abnormal scar tissue) in the knees in participants undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair surgery of their knee.

The goal of this clinical trial is to determine the effect of semiconductor sleeves on the treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) or Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Meniscus (ACL+Meniscus) arthroscopic surgery. The effect of the sleeves will be analyzed through patient reported and clinically measured outcomes. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Do the semiconductor sleeves improve the functional outcomes compared to the placebo? * Will patients experience improved functional outcomes in a shorter period of time compared to the placebo? Researchers will compare semiconductor fabric sleeves to a placebo (a look-alike sleeve that contains no semiconductor material) to see if the semiconductor fabric better treats ACL and ACL+meniscus surgical patients. Participants will: * Wear semiconductor or placebo leg sleeve for 4 weeks and knee sleeve for the following 12 weeks * Complete patient reported outcome surveys

The purpose of the study is to assess the longitudinal post-operative care effects of protein supplementation on muscle atrophy in the post-operative period following ACL reconstruction. The main outcome will be muscle size/mass as measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning. The primary objective is to assess for any beneficial impact of protein supplementation, with implications of standardizing a recommended protocol for protein supplementation after ACL reconstruction. Secondary outcomes will be to evaluate the survey data from the KOOS JR and Tampa Scale surveys, as well as functional measures recorded during physical therapy.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of physical therapy (PT) plus BFR training compared to PT alone (without BFR training) after ACL reconstruction in patients who require extended limited weight bearing through assessment of patient reported outcomes and functional testing. The hypothesis is that PT plus BFR training will mitigate the loss of quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area, strength, and function while also improving early clinical and functional results.