Child Behavior

The goal of this behavioral, interventional clinical trial is to provide a specialized workshop training for dental providers (e.g., dentists, hygienists, assistants) to improve interactions with young children (2-10 years old) and parents/caregivers. The training is derived from a well-established behavior management program for preschoolers, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). The main questions it aims to answer are: * Change in behavior of dental providers * Acceptability of training by dental providers All participants will receive the same behavior training; however, one group will receive the training on a delayed schedule. Researchers will compare the immediate intervention and control group to see if the training was effective in the dental providers usage of skills.

The goal of this randomized controlled trial is to compare Promoting First Relationships - Home Visit (PFR-HV) to Promoting First Relationships - Telehealth (PFR-T) among parents of 6-12 month olds in the child welfare system. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Is PFR-T effective relative to PFR-HV and Usual Care with respect to observed parent sensitive and responsive care, parent knowledge of child social and emotional development, and child externalizing behavior? * Is PFR-T effective relative to PFR-HV and Usual Care with respect to child out-of-home placement in foster care relative to the control group? * How does PFR-T compare in a benefit-cost analysis to the cost-effectiveness relative to PFR-HV and Usual Care? * Are eligible families impacted by the lack of technology and Wi-Fi/cellular data to engage in PFR-T? * How does provider adherence and fidelity in delivery of PFR-T compare to adherence and fidelity of PFR-HV? What will participants be asked to do? 1. Participants will be asked to agree to randomization, resulting in their placement in one of three groups: PFR-HV, PFR-T, or the control group. 2. Participants will be asked to participate in three virtual research visits, over the course of approximately 12 months (families could be finished as early as 9 months, however in our experience, intervention sessions and research visits often need to be rescheduled, delaying completion of the study). The research visits take approximately 80 minutes, and families will be paid $75 for each visit they participate in. 3. During the research visit, the families will be asked to participate in videotaped research activities involving parent-child play and interaction. Parents will be asked to answer questions regarding their background, feelings, parenting opinions, and stress. 4. Families randomized to the PFR-HV intervention are asked to participate in a 10 week in home parenting program which includes videotaped caregiver-child interactions and feedback. 5. Families randomized to the PFR-T intervention are asked to participate in a 10-week parenting program that will occur over Zoom, which will include videotaped caregiver-child interactions and feedback. 6. Families randomized to the control group will be emailed a resource packet with some information about services or programs that might be helpful for them.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether Talk Parenting, a voice-based program delivered through an Amazon Echo Dot (Alexa), can help parents and caregivers of children ages 3-5 years improve challenging bedtime and morning routines. The main questions it aims to answer are: Does using Talk Parenting improve families' bedtime and morning experiences and children's sleep/wake habits? Does using Talk Parenting improve parents' routine-related parenting practices and confidence, strengthen the parent-child relationship, and reduce children's behavior problems and parents' stress? Researchers will compare families who receive Talk Parenting right away to families who wait 6 weeks to receive the program (a waitlist control group receiving usual services during the wait). Participants will: Complete online questionnaires at the start of the study and again about 6 weeks later (and a follow-up questionnaire later in the study). Receive a pre-configured Amazon Echo Dot (to keep) and instructions to use Talk Parenting routines at home, including a bedtime routine, a brief calming routine, and a morning routine (enabled after the first 2 weeks).

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of a time-limited (i.e., 18 weeks) community health worker (CHW) intervention, referred to as the Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) plus natural helper (NH) model, on treatment engagement, retention, and child and caregiver outcomes.

The goal of this pilot randomized controlled trial is to evaluate a self-concept intervention (Self-Concept Reinforcement for Early School Readiness (SCR4ESR)) in young African American children using experimental and mixed methods. SCR4ESR provides self-concept themed children's books and advice at health supervision visits of children enrolled at ages 2-4 years. The specific aims of the proposed project are to: 1. assess the feasibility and acceptability of SCR4ESR implementation among parents and providers, 2. evaluate the capacity of SCR4ESR to improve self-concept reinforcement and book-sharing behaviors in parents of young African American children, and 3) evaluate the capacity of SCR4ESR to improve behavioral health and literacy in young African American children. The interviews conducted in Aim 1 will guide refinement of the intervention tested in Aims 2 and 3. The qualitative assessment will be complemented by quantitative trial statistics (e.g., recruitment rate) that inform trial feasibility and acceptability. Finally, the mechanism by which SCR4ESR impacts the primary outcome, behavioral health, and the secondary outcome, literacy, will be evaluated by structural equation modeling. This project will inform the development and implementation of early childhood interventions that improve the health of African Americans.

Disparities in health begin in early childhood. Early life experiences influence brain development and have significant implications on future health and developmental outcomes. Low-income children are at greater risk of developmental delays in large part due to a lack of an enriched environment. Disparities in early childhood development increase risk for stunted academic achievement throughout the life course. Primary care is a universal exposure in early childhood and therefore is also a significant entry point for promoting optimal child development. There is a need to provide effective, low-cost, and scalable interventions in primary care to support early childhood development.The CenteringParenting intervention is designed to reduce negative health and developmental outcomes within a model of group routine child health care. To date, there is no evidence of the benefits of the CenteringParenting intervention on school readiness, or improvements in parental behaviors that support optimal developmental milestones and achievement. The intent of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the CenteringParenting intervention on school readiness in early childhood, as measured by language development at 24 months, (in addition to health care utilization, child routine care maintenance, parenting stress, caregiver behaviors and attitudes).

More2Sleep is a randomized, controlled, parallel trial with two groups (sleep extension vs control) including 142 school-aged children (6-12 years) who have a BMI above average, defined as age- and sex-specific BMI Z-score above zero using WHO reference standards, and habitually sleep for ≤ 9 h/night. Data will be collected before and after a 3-month sleep extension intervention, and after a 6-month follow-up (at months 0, 3, and 9). The collection of data is mainly related to the main study. However, some optional examinations will be conducted on a first come, first serve basis, consisting of substudy-I (metabolic mechanisms, n=60) and substudy-II (learning mechanisms, n=142). The primary objective is to assess the effects of sleep extension by \~45 min/night, achieved by going to bed 60-90 min earlier, on adiposity and learning ability in school-aged children who have a BMI for age and sex above average, and sleep less than recommended for their age.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if the novel Dialogue Based Early Detection (DBED) method can prevent impaired mental health in kindergarten children. It will also learn about the screening properties of DBED to identify children with impaired mental health, if DBED facilitates early interventions, and if DBED is well accepted and sustainable in an ordinary kindergarten setting. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Do children in kindergartens where DBED is implemented develop better mental health scores than children in kindergarten where DBED is not implemented? * How well identifies DBED kindergarten children with impaired mental health compared to a traditional screening instrument (the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire)? * What is the impact of DBED on activation of interventions for mental health problems? * What is the social validity of DBED? Researchers will compare outcomes in kindergartens where DBED is implemented with outcomes in kindergartens where it's not. * During the last three years of kindergarten attendance participants (parents of kindergarten children) in the intervention kindergartens will take part in the biannual DBED parent-teacher meetings, while participants in the control kindergartens will take part in traditional parent-teacher meetings. * Twice a year all participants will answer questionnaires of the child's mental health and parental stress during the follow-up period (3 years in kindergarten and 2 first years in school). * Participants in the intervention kindergartens will answer user satisfaction questionnaires after every parent-teacher meeting. * The kindergarten teachers will report on type and time of supportive interventions for each participating child during the follow-up period in kindergarten.

Parent education is an effective and relatively cost efficient approach for reducing child behavior problems. Research, however, suggests that the effectiveness of parent education is mitigated by parent attendance and parent implementation of intervention strategies. That is, low attendance at parent education sessions is associated with limited intervention effects. Therefore, it is critical to identify strategies to enhance parent engagement. A previous pilot randomized controlled trial of a parent education program (Behavioral Parent Education; BPE, specifically Promoting Engagement for ADHD pre-Kindergartners \[PEAK\]), found that both face-to-face (F2F) and online BPE resulted in high levels of parent engagement and child behavior improvements. However, results need to be replicated in a full scale efficacy trial with a larger, diverse sample to provide more reliable estimates of relative effect sizes for parent and child outcomes and to evaluate the extent to which parent and child behavior changes are maintained after BPE has ended. In the current randomized controlled trial, the investigators intend to apply What Works Clearinghouse group design standards to examine the efficacy of two forms of delivery of BPE (F2F and online) relative to a wait-list control condition in a sample of 180, 3- to 5-year old children with clinically significant symptoms of ADHD. The objective is to: (a) extend findings from the pilot investigation to a large, diverse sample; (b) examine maintenance of effects; (c) identify moderators and mediators of treatment outcome, especially the degree to which these may differ for F2F vs. online treatment delivery; and (d) assess cost and cost-effectiveness of the two PEAK delivery formats.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to pilot test a novel, alternative, potentially sustainable system of teacher-delivered, task-shifted child mental health care. Participants: \~300 estimated Procedures: This is a RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) guided, mixed methods, clustered evaluation of Tealeaf-NC's Reach, Adoption \& Implementation (Primary Outcomes, implementation-based), as well as evaluating for preliminary indicators of Effectiveness \& Maintenance (Secondary Outcomes, clinically-based).

Determine the effect of repeated pelvis perturbation training on trunk posture and locomotor function in children with CP.

Social, emotional, and behavioral (SEB) problems occur frequently among elementary school students, dramatically impede student outcomes, and have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence based practices exist to address student SEB needs, prevent problems, and ensure academic success. However, the implementation of these programs in schools is frequently incomplete, uneven, and occurs with insufficient fidelity to ensure positive effects for students due to significant implementation barriers across multiple levels. The purpose of this Impact Trial is to test the effectiveness of the Helping Educational Leaders Mobilize Evidence (HELM) implementation strategy in school-wide implementation of a Tier 1 evidence-based practice (EBP) - Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS).

Pain and fear are very common in children during vaccination. We are planning to conduct a study to help children go through this process more comfortably. The aim is to examine whether the educational robot has an effect on pain and fear during vaccination in 4-year-old children in a randomized controlled manner.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of two different cognitive-behavioral combined programs, including video games or kaleidoscope, on the pain, fear and anxiety experienced by children who apply for therapeutic or diagnostic venous blood collection, and their parents' satisfaction levels. In addition, this research aims to create a holistic approach to child health due to the evaluation of both children and parents. The population of the research will be children aged 8-10 who come to the Children's Blood Collection Unit of Karaman Training and Research Hospital between February 2022 and March 2022. The sample of the study will consist of 96 children and their parents who applied to the Blood Collection Unit on the specified dates, met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate in the study. The pediatric blood collection unit provides service between 08:00 and 16:00 on weekdays. In order to determine the number of samples, power analysis was performed using the G\*Power (v3.1.9) program. It was planned to carry out the research with a total of 96 children and their parents, 32 in each group, considering possible case losses during the research period. Evaluation of the data will be done in the computer environment with the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) 22.0 package program. Percentage distributions, mean, standard deviation, chi-square test, analysis of variance will be used in the analysis of the data. In addition, the variance of the groups will be examined with the Levene test in order to make further analysis. In cases where the variance is equal, Bonferroni analysis will be used in post hoc advanced analyses, and Dunnett T3 analysis will be used in cases where the variance is not equal. The research findings will be evaluated at the 95% confidence interval, at the p\<0.05 significance level.

Intervention efficacy will be evaluated via a randomized controlled trial in Indiana over 17 weeks with 250 dyads (i.e., divorcing/divorced/separated parents). Dyads will be randomized to business as usual (BAU) or BAU+PCF. Compared to BAU, BAU+PCF will (a) increase parental self-efficacy, (b) decrease parental stress, (c) increase parental knowledge, (d) increase parental motivation to engage with the intervention, (f) increase the quality of parent-child relationships, and (g) improve parent-reported child stress and prosocial behaviors. Parents with higher levels of conflict will be more responsive to parallel parenting, and increased parallel parenting among HIC dyads will lead to reductions in child adjustment problems.

The goal of this clinical trial is to assess the health-related effects of an exercise intervention in children aged 5-8 years. Main research questions: * Does a municipality-driven exercise intervention improve physical activity levels in children? * Does a municipality-driven exercise intervention improve sleep parameters in children? * Does a municipality-driven exercise intervention improve eating behaviors in children? * Does a municipality-driven exercise intervention improve quality of life in children? Study Design: Participants will be assigned to either: * Intervention group: Attend 1-2 weekly sessions of 45-60 minutes of child-friendly exercise for 1 year. * Control group: Receive no intervention. Data Collection: Participants will: * Complete questionnaires at baseline, and at 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year follow-ups. * Wear accelerometers for 7 consecutive days at baseline, and at 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year follow-ups.

There is a lack of evidence on the effectiveness of moderate sedation in pediatric dentistry, compared to protective stabilization, which remains routinely used in the Brazilian context despite moral questions. The objective of this prospective nonrandomized clinical trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of moderate sedation, compared to the protective stabilization, in the dental care of children with fear / anxiety and / or dental behavior problem, and associated factors. The study will be carried out in outpatient clinics of the Dental Schools of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG) and University of São Paulo (USP), with the support of professors from King's College London through the partnership CEDACORE - Children Experiencing Dental Anxiety: Collaboration on Research and Education. Participants will be 152 children under 7 years of age with dental caries, who need specialized dental treatment due to a history of non-cooperation with dental care. The interventions to be compared are moderate sedation with oral administration of ketamine and midazolam (UFG) and protective stabilization (USP). The primary endpoint 'behavior / anxiety of the child during treatment will be assessed using the Ohio State University Behavioral Rating Scale. The secondary outcomes are: dental behavioral and anxiety evolution of the child, child' pain during procedure, impact on the quality of life related to oral health, parents and dentists' satisfaction and stress, adverse events for sedated participants, longevity of composite and glass ionomer cement restorations, chronotype and physiological stress of these children. A cost-efficacy analysis will be produced at the end of the study from the perspective of the Sistema Único de Saúde. Additionally, at the end of 36 months, the investigators expect to contribute to the identification of psychosocial aspects related to dental behavior problems in children in early childhood. It is important to highlight the perspective of technological innovation, with the creation of a digital platform that will allow the registration of data related to the dental care of children worldwide and favor analyzes in the methodology of data science.

Conventional behavior management techniques, namely: verbal communication and tell-show-do were used in the operatory for the participating children (Group A). The children allocated in intervention group (Group B) received a costume-designed storybook explaining the diagnosis and procedures of occlusal composite restoration

The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational health game intervention for children undergoing anesthesia from the perspective of children's anxiety. Participants are divided into three groups: one plays an educational game, another gets similar educational material (story) on a website and the third receives usual care. Anxiety will be evaluated with a standard assessment tool at the medical centre and parents answer questionnaires about themselves and their child. The study is an important step into innovation in the field of patient education where computer games are used to disseminate information, teach salvation and promote faith in the child's own ability and courage. The study will provide important information on children's anxiety for anaesthesia and what the effects of the computer game are compared to other educational methods.

The proposed research aims to assess how well a structured intervention is intended to reduce childhood obesity. The intervention addresses food and physical activity behaviors, important determinants of obesity, by concentrating on these elements. The goal of nutritional and physical education is to raise knowledge about the negative effects of obesity and encourage healthy eating habits in children and their caregivers. These educational campaigns will be delivered primarily through schools, guaranteeing a wide audience and consistent messaging.