Healthy Adult Participants

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether certain natural hormones - Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-2, (GLP-2), and amylin - affect blood flow to the bones.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if AppleX™ Apple Extract can help lower systemic inflammation in adults aged 45-70 with signs of low-grade inflammation. It will also look at the extract's effects on fatigue, joint comfort, and biological aging metrics. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does taking AppleX™ Apple Extract daily lower high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels, a key marker of inflammation in the blood? * Does AppleX™ Apple Extract improve participant-reported fatigue and joint comfort? * Does the extract slow down biological or epigenetic aging metrics compared to a placebo? Researchers will compare AppleX™ Apple Extract to a placebo (a look-alike capsule that contains no active ingredients) to see if the apple extract has a measurable anti-inflammatory and healthy aging effect.

This is a phase 1 randomized, double-blind, single ascending dose (SAD) and multiple ascending dose (MAD) study to assess the safety, tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics (PK) of single and multiple ascending doses of MTX-439 administered in healthy adults and adults with diabetic kidney disease (DKD)

The goal of this clinical trial is evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of NS-079 with its main metabolite (NS-079-M1) in healthy participants. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Is NS-079 safe and tolerable in heathy participants under tested dosing regimen? * What is the pharmacokinectic profile of NS-079 in healthy participants under tested dosing regimen and the effect of paroxetine? Researchers will compare NS-079 to a placebo to see the safety and tolerability when use NS-079.

The goal of this study is to evaluate the tooth whitening efficacy of Oil Pulling oral rinse compared to a competitor's whitening mouthwash and a water-based mouthwash (placebo). Each participant will use one of three mouthwashes: GuruNanda Oil Pulling oral rinse (test), Competitor's mouthwash (positive), Water-based oral rinse (placebo). All mouthwashes will be used once daily last thing before bed at night. Data will be collected on tooth shade evaluated on the anterior teeth.

The investigators aim to undertake the Global Reference Range Study (GRR) to establish a set of healthy adult reference values for measures of fibroinflammation, fat and size/volumes for the liver, and other abdominal and thoracic organs to assess, compare, and if necessary, propose ethnicity specific reference ranges for these measurements.

This first-in-human study will evaluate the safety and tolerability of ADX-626 in healthy participants. The study will also look at how ADX-626 interacts with the human body (the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ADX-626).

This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase I clinical trial evaluating the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity characteristics of GR2301 injection in healthy adult subjects in China. The Multiple doses will be gradually escalated.

Early feasibility study to establish quantitative physiological markers correlated with noninvasive stimulation.

This study is to find out whether a type of non-invasive electrical brain stimulation called temporal interference transcranial electrical stimulation (TI-TES) can temporarily change brain activity during sleep, especially sleep spindles (brain rhythms in the \~8-16 Hz range). Up to 24 healthy participants in Dane County, Wisconsin will be enrolled for 3 overnight study visits. Participants can expect to be on study for approximately 5 weeks, depending on scheduling availability.

The goal of this study is to evaluate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of NHL907 when administered as multiple oral doses in healthy adult participants.

This is an open-label, single-center Phase 1 study evaluating the safety, tolerability, and test-retest characteristics of \[11C\]MODAG-005, an investigational positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) radioligand intended to image pathological alpha-synuclein deposition in the brain. The study will enroll participants with Parkinson's disease (PD), participants with multiple system atrophy (MSA), and age-matched healthy controls (AMHC). Participants with PD or MSA will undergo two \[11C\]MODAG-005 PET/CT imaging sessions: one baseline scan and one follow-up scan 7 to 48 days later. Age-matched healthy controls will undergo one baseline scan. A subset of PD and MSA participants will receive a single oral dose of anle138b (Emrusolmin) before the second scan to evaluate tracer uptake under blocking conditions. The primary objective is to assess the safety and tolerability of \[11C\]MODAG-005. Secondary objectives include evaluating whether \[11C\]MODAG-005 PET imaging can distinguish participants with MSA or PD from age-matched healthy controls, distinguish PD from MSA, and determine test-retest variability of PET outcome measures.

This is a proof-of-concept study exploring individual differences in sensitivity to alcohol among older healthy current drinkers aged 65 to 80. Participants will complete two sessions during which they will complete questionnaires and laboratory measures of mental abilities and brain activity and receive a beverage that may or may not contain a moderate dose of alcohol.

The goal of this clinical trial is to compare two different presentations (vial and syringe versus autoinjector) of navenibart in healthy adult volunteers. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Do these presentations lead to similar drug concentrations in the blood? * Do these presentations lead to similar safety and tolerability? Researchers will compare the drug concentrations and safety profile of each group to determine if they are similar. Participants will: * Receive one dose of navenibart with either the vial and syringe or the autoinjector. * Stay in the clinic beginning one day prior to dosing through 2 days after dosing. * Return to the clinic for approximately 9 additional non-residential visits. * Complete medical and other testing, including blood draws.

This single-center randomized controlled cross-over trial aims to investigate the effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on upper gastrointestinal motility in healthy individuals. The primary aim of this study is to assess the impact of tVNS on gut motor function, with regards to its potential to induce phase III contractions in the upper GI tract. Secondary objectives include: * To study the effect of tVNS on other parameters characterizing upper GI motility such as the number of duodenal phase III contractions, gastric and duodenal phase MMCs, amplitude of antral contractions and motility index * To study the effect of tVNS on plasma levels of motilin and PP * To evaluate the effect of tVNS on parameters related to autonomic outflow, using a Shimmer3 GSR Sensor for heart rate variability and skin conductance. * To compare the results of the measurements of antroduodenal manometry with measurements of Gastric Alimetry Participants will undergo tVNS (applied to the cymba conchae of the left ear) alternating with sham stimulation (using a non-conducting electrode) in a blinded, pre-randomized fashion, using two 4-hour blocks during an 8-hour fasted antroduodenal manometry recording period. Optionally, participants may simultaneously also undergo body surface gastric mapping using the Gastric Alimetry system.

This single-center randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the efficacy of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in alleviating nausea in healthy adults. The primary aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of taVNS in reducing nausea in healthy adults subjected to nausea induction through intragastric lipid infusion, compared to sham stimulation, as measured by 0-100 Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores. The secondary objectives include evaluating the potential of taVNS to alleviate other gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain, bloating, and fullness, as well as exploring its effects on the desire to eat, all measured using 0-100 VAS scores. Additionally, changes in autonomic parameters, plasma levels of ghrelin and motilin, and salivary cortisol will be evaluated. The relationship between the nausea response and affective symptoms, as well as personality traits, will also be explored. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the taVNS or the sham stimulation group, with the intervention administered for 30 minutes immediately following nausea induction through intragastric lipid infusion.

This protocol establishes a centralized stool donor bank and research platform to support microbiota transplantation therapy (MTT) for microbiota-mediated diseases. The study will characterize donor microbiome, metabolite, immune, and dietary profiles.

The bioavailability study analyzes the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes of the polyphenols under study (HCAs). To achieve the planned objectives, blood and urine samples will be collected before and at different time intervals following the intake of the study supplement, which will consist of capsules made from dehydrated artichoke by-products rich in HCAs. To determine the bioavailability of the active compounds, volunteers will be asked to follow a diet low in polyphenols/plant-based foods for 48 hours prior to the supplement intake and up to 48 hours after product consumption. Blood and urine samples will be collected before intake and during the following 48 hours. Subsequently, the samples will be analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) to identify and quantify the bioactive compounds of interest and their metabolites. The results of the ADME trial will allow for the identification of plasma and urinary metabolites, the characterization of intake markers, and the determination of inter-individual differences in metabolic profiles.

This observational study aims to evaluate multilevel physiological, molecular, metabolic, intestinal, immunological, and psychophysiological responses to rowing-specific exercise in elite rowers. The study is designed to investigate how maximal and prolonged rowing ergometer exercise influences integrated adaptive mechanisms related to mitochondrial function, metabolic regulation, intestinal permeability, immune activation, DNA damage response, and psychological status. Thirty members of the Polish Youth National Rowing Team, aged 19-24 years, will participate in the study during two different training periods. During the competitive phase, participants will perform a 2000-m maximal rowing ergometer test, whereas during the preparatory phase they will complete a 6000-m rowing ergometer test. Blood samples and physiological measurements will be collected before exercise, immediately after exercise, and after 1 hour of recovery. The study will assess gene expression, circulating biomarkers, flow cytometry parameters, blood morphology, lactate concentration, continuous glucose monitoring data, wearable metabolic sensor measurements, nutritional status, and psychological responses. The primary objective is to identify integrated biomarkers reflecting exercise load, recovery dynamics, and adaptive capacity in highly trained athletes. The study also aims to improve understanding of the interaction between metabolic, mitochondrial, intestinal, immunological, and psychophysiological responses to intensive exercise in rowing.

Theoretical Framework: Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with nicotine dependence notably common among individuals with Substance Use Disorders (SUD). Smoking exacerbates both physical and mental health issues, further complicating the treatment of SUD. Current therapeutic approaches for SUD often prove inadequate, indicating a need for new strategies. Recent advancements in metabolomics and gut microbiome research have provided valuable insights into the biological mechanisms underlying addiction. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of smoking cessation for individuals with SUD, using a six-week intervention within a therapeutic community. The research specifically explores the psychobehavioral, metabolic, and gut microbiome domains. It is hypothesized that smoking cessation will improve emotional regulation, self-efficacy, and reduce substance craving, mediated by changes in metabolic and microbiome profiles linked to brain reward systems. Methods: A randomized controlled trial (N=150) will be conducted, examining outcomes such as clinical relapse rates, microbial and metabolic markers, particularly in choline and folate metabolism. Participants with SUD (n=100) will undergo a six-week smoking cessation intervention, with pre- and post-assessments, compared to a control group receiving treatment as usual. Metabolomic and microbiome analyses will be conducted using blood and stool samples, alongside psychological assessments via questionnaires. Assessments on a behavioural level will take place at a 3-months follow-up. A cross-sectional, non-interventional healthy control group (n=50) will be examined at a single timepoint with an anologous panel of psychological variables, blood and stool to ascertain differences between smokers with SUD and healthy controls.

Transcranial temporal interference stimulation (TIS) is an emerging novel tool for non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation that holds the potential for focal and steerable neuromodulation, and the possibility to stimulate focally at depth. TIS involves combining two high frequency waveforms to create a waveform with a "beat" frequency that is physiological relevant for neuromodulation. Successful applications to deep brain targets as well as steerability of the stimulation focus have been demonstrated in mice. Numerous recent investigations in humans have shown great clinical potential for this technology, however several questions about the basic mechanism of TIS action remain. The investigators will apply TIS to the motor cortex of humans and use established transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques to assess cortical excitability in relation to the phase of the TIS waveform. Using TMS, the investigators will i) validate that effects of TIS are due to the "beat" frequency and not the high frequency carrier signal, ii) evaluate the effect of the TIS carrier frequency, and iii) evaluate that whether changes in corticospinal excitability outlast the period of stimulation. Knowledge gained from this experiment will provide a basis for the future use of TIS for clinical applications, including informing parameter optimization.

This study aims to explore the efficiency of a digital, Smartphone-delivered intervention for improving the quality of REM sleep on the mental health, emotion regulation and overall life quality of users.

The main objective of this study is to compare the acute effects of drinking Jägerbombs with drinking alcohol alone during a binge-drinking episode, which involves consuming a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time to become intoxicated. Secondary objectives are to assess whether Jägerbombs produce prototypical alcohol effects, increase stimulation and rewarding effects, affect coordination, time reaction and vision, change stress-related hormone responses, and cause hangover symptoms.

The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate whether a guided, non-drug spiritual intervention can facilitate mystical-type experiences and improve well-being in Christian adults. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does the guided spiritual intervention produce measurable mystical experiences? * Does participation in the intervention and assigned integration program lead to improvements in well-being over time? Researchers will compare a Christian-based integration program to a structured control integration program to determine whether Christian-based integration leads to greater improvements in well-being. Participants will: * Complete baseline questionnaires assessing spiritual experiences, religiosity, and well-being * Complete one in-person session of the "guided invocation for mystical experience" * Be randomly assigned to complete either a Christian-based or control integration program for 4 weeks * Complete follow-up assessments at 1 month and 2 months

The DORA study is a single-arm, open-label, interventional exploratory study designed to evaluate the impact of a synbiotic-containing senior milk powder on the gut microbiome and selected biological, physiological, and digital health parameters in community-living adults in good health. The study enrolls adults aged 40 to 65 years and aims to investigate changes in gut microbial composition, with a primary focus on butyrate-producing microbial taxa, following at least 28 days of study product consumption. Secondary and exploratory objectives include assessment of stool metabolites, blood-based biomarkers, bowel patterns, sleep quality, physical activity, cognitive function, dietary patterns, and quality of life. Approximately 125 participants will be recruited in Singapore to achieve 100 study completers. Following informed consent and screening, participants undergo a baseline observation period of 14 days during which physiological and lifestyle data are collected using wearable digital health devices. Baseline assessments also include blood sampling, stool collection for microbiome analysis, digital imaging and videography, and completion of validated questionnaires. After completion of baseline assessments and collection of the first stool sample, participants initiate consumption of the study product, a senior milk powder containing a defined synbiotic formulation. The study product is consumed twice daily for a minimum of 28 days and up to 35 days to allow completion of study assessments. Participants return for end-of-intervention assessments following the study product phase, including repeat biological sampling, physical and digital assessments, and questionnaires. Stool microbiome profiles and other exploratory outcomes are compared between baseline and post-intervention time points. This exploratory study is intended to generate feasibility data and hypotheses regarding the effects of synbiotic nutritional intervention and the integration of biological and digital health data in the context of healthy aging.